{"id":2994,"date":"2023-12-01T16:18:41","date_gmt":"2023-12-01T16:18:41","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/rethinkq.adp.com\/?p=2994"},"modified":"2024-09-03T10:00:47","modified_gmt":"2024-09-03T09:00:47","slug":"history-strikes-ancient-world","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/rethinkq.adp.com\/history-strikes-ancient-world\/","title":{"rendered":"Labor actions in the ancient world"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<header class=\"entry-header bg-adp-tan block--article-header alignfull block--article-header\" >\n\n  \n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full entry--image\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"1228\" height=\"906\" src=\"https:\/\/rethinkq.adp.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/11\/Screenshot-2023-11-03-at-16.03.42.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-2995\" srcset=\"https:\/\/rethinkq.adp.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/11\/Screenshot-2023-11-03-at-16.03.42.png 1228w, https:\/\/rethinkq.adp.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/11\/Screenshot-2023-11-03-at-16.03.42-300x221.png 300w, https:\/\/rethinkq.adp.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/11\/Screenshot-2023-11-03-at-16.03.42-1024x755.png 1024w, https:\/\/rethinkq.adp.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/11\/Screenshot-2023-11-03-at-16.03.42-768x567.png 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1228px) 100vw, 1228px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group entry--title-wrapper\"><div class=\"wp-block-group__inner-container is-layout-flow wp-block-group-is-layout-flow\"><div class=\"entry--social-share\">\n  <ul>\n    <li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.facebook.com\/sharer\/sharer.php?u=https:\/\/rethinkq.adp.com\/history-strikes-ancient-world\/&#038;t=Labor actions in the ancient world\" target=\"_blank\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/rethinkq.adp.com\/wp-content\/themes\/rethink-quarterly\/img\/facebook.svg\" alt=\"Facebook logo - click to share this article on Facebook\"><\/a><\/li>\n    <li><a href=\"http:\/\/twitter.com\/share?text=Labor actions in the ancient world&#038;url=https:\/\/rethinkq.adp.com\/history-strikes-ancient-world\/\" target=\"_blank\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/rethinkq.adp.com\/wp-content\/themes\/rethink-quarterly\/img\/twitter.svg\" alt=\"Twitter logo - click to share this article on Twitter\"><\/a><\/li>\n    <li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.linkedin.com\/sharing\/share-offsite\/?url=https%3A%2F%2Frethinkq.adp.com%2Fhistory-strikes-ancient-world%2F\" target=\"_blank\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/rethinkq.adp.com\/wp-content\/themes\/rethink-quarterly\/img\/linkedin.svg\" alt=\"LinkedIn logo - click to share this article on Facebook\"><\/a><\/li>\n  <\/ul>\n<\/div>\n\n            <a class=\"entry--tag tag-style\" href=\"https:\/\/rethinkq.adp.com\/looking-back\/\">Looking Back<\/a>\n\n        \n  <h1 class=\"entry-title\">Labor actions in the ancient world<\/h1>\n\n\n<p class=\"is-style-summary-style\">Strikes, a symptom of broken trust between worker and employer, date back to Ancient Egypt and Rome.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"entry--meta content-width\">\n           <p class=\"authors\">By\n                        <a href=\"https:\/\/rethinkq.adp.com\/author\/lou-martin\/\">Dr. Lou Martin<\/a>\n\n             \n         \n     <\/p>\n    \n  \n  <p>1 December 2023  <span class=\"desktop-only\">\u2014<\/span> <a href=\"https:\/\/rethinkq.adp.com\/issue-10-trust\/\">Issue 10: Trust<\/a> \n  <\/div><!-- .entry-meta -->\n\n<\/header><!-- .entry-header -->\n\t<div class=\"entry-content content-width\">\n\n\n\n<p>Workers collectively withholding their labor has long been one of the most effective tactics for getting their demands met \u2014 maybe longer than you think. In fact, the earliest known labor strike occurred in 1157 BCE in Egypt during the reign of Ramses III.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The tomb-builders in Thebes were surprised when the monthly payment for their work \u2014 they were compensated in food rations \u2014 failed to arrive. Local officials were busy with preparations for a celebration of Ramses III\u2019s 30th year as king of Egypt. They appeased the workers by distributing some grain, but when the wages repeatedly failed to arrive on time, the tomb-builders walked off the job.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Details of the strike are recorded in the <a href=\"https:\/\/libcom.org\/article\/records-strike-egypt-under-ramses-iii-c1157bce\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">\u201cJudicial Papyrus of Turin&#8221;<\/a><em> <\/em>held at the Museo Egizio in Turin, Italy. In the entry for day 12 of the second month of winter, a scribe recorded that the workers met with representatives of the Pharaoh and said, \u201cThe prospect of hunger and thirst has driven us to this; there is no clothing, there is no ointment, there is no fish, there are no vegetables. Send to Pharaoh, our good lord, about it, and send to the vizier, our superior, that we may be supplied with provisions.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Ancient Egyptians believed that a critical element of their society was harmony or balance in communities and in the world generally, which they called <em>ma\u2019at<\/em>. Furthermore, they believed it was the king\u2019s responsibility to maintain this harmony throughout the land. Responsible for constructing the royal tombs, these builders considered themselves the \u201cessential workers\u201d of their day, and the failure to pay their wages on time was a serious violation of <em>ma\u2019at<\/em>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>In a display of solidarity, the workers put down their tools and marched toward the city, chanting, \u201cWe are hungry!\u201d They protested outside of important buildings and eventually forced their way into the city\u2019s granary and demanded payment. When the next month\u2019s payment arrived late, they blocked roads of the Valley of the Kings.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The delayed payments and work stoppages continued for three years until higher officials apparently improved the system for paying the workers. But <a href=\"https:\/\/www.worldhistory.org\/article\/1089\/the-first-labor-strike-in-history\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">according to writer and scholar Joshua Mark<\/a>, by making demands that would restore harmony or <em>ma\u2019at <\/em>to Egypt, which was the Pharaoh\u2019s duty, the workers had \u201cbeen forced to assume the responsibilities of the king.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The rulers and philosophers of the ancient world were certainly thinking about the potentially &#8216;disruptive&#8217; role of workers in their societies. In \u201cThe Republic,\u201d written around 375 BCE, Plato considers the composition of a society and explores aspects of the city-state and justice. In Book VIII of this Socratic dialogue, Plato discusses forms of government and the role that groups within society play in those governments. One modern scholar analyzing <a href=\"https:\/\/www.gutenberg.org\/files\/1497\/1497-h\/1497-h.htm#link2H_4_0011\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Book VIII of \u201cThe Republic\u201d notes<\/a> that in Plato\u2019s version of an ideal society, there are three classes, including one composed of \u201claborers and the artisans, and they make up the mass of the people.\u201d In Plato\u2019s understanding of workers\u2019 collective power, when the workers \u201cmeet, they are omnipotent, but they cannot be brought together unless they are attracted by a little honey; and the rich are made to supply the honey, of which the demagogues keep the greater part themselves, giving a taste only to the mob.\u201d In other words, Plato saw the potential of the laboring class to have total power over the other two classes, but because workers were only ever brought together by demagogues, he believed they would simply be manipulated for the personal gain of a few.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Ancient contracts and norms<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Perhaps surprisingly, some laborers of the ancient world entered into written contracts, many of which still survive. <a href=\"https:\/\/archives.upenn.edu\/collections\/finding-aid\/upt50b293\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">George Aaron Barton<\/a>, professor of Semitic Languages at the University of Pennsylvania in the early 1900s, translated some of <a href=\"https:\/\/archives.upenn.edu\/collections\/finding-aid\/upt50b293\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">the 30,000 clay tablets<\/a> stored in the university\u2019s museum.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Sometimes parents entered into labor agreements on behalf of their children. In ancient Mesopotamia, parents signed many contracts to be paid for their child\u2019s labor. In 2200 BCE, <a href=\"https:\/\/sourcebooks.fordham.edu\/ancient\/mesopotamia-contracts.asp#Labor%20Contracts\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">one mother signed a contract<\/a> for her son, Marduk-nasir, to work for a man named Mar-sippar. In Egypt, around 20 BCE, when it was part of the Roman Empire, a farmer named Harthotes in Theadelpheia <a href=\"https:\/\/www.jstor.org\/stable\/44968441?seq=1\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">signed a contract for his daughter<\/a> to go to the village of Philagris to work in an imperial oil mill for two years. He later renewed the contract for another two years.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Given that so many of these ancient contracts were signed by guardians for their children, it stands to reason that entrusting their sons and daughters to distant employers required an additional layer of security: a written contract. Some of these contracts were literally written in stone.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>In the ancient world, labor rights were often based on widely held norms, which sometimes were also sacred rules. Scholars date the Book of Shemot in the Torah, called the Book of Exodus in the Christian Bible\u2019s Old Testament, to the 500s BCE. It is believed to be a compilation of written and oral traditions from the previous four centuries. It tells the story of Moses receiving the Ten Commandments from God. The fourth commandment states: \u201cRemember the Sabbath day, to keep it holy. Six days you shall labor, and do all your work, but the seventh day is a Sabbath to the Lord your God.\u201d This commandment effectively limited the workweek for many societies up through the present. It not only limited it for all heads of households but also for children and servants by adding: \u201cYou shall not do any work, you, or your son, or your daughter, your male servant, or your female servant, or your livestock, or the sojourner who is within your gates.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image alignwide size-full is-style-zoooom\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"2560\" height=\"881\" src=\"https:\/\/rethinkq.adp.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/11\/DT10888-scaled.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-2996\" srcset=\"https:\/\/rethinkq.adp.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/11\/DT10888-scaled.jpg 2560w, https:\/\/rethinkq.adp.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/11\/DT10888-300x103.jpg 300w, https:\/\/rethinkq.adp.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/11\/DT10888-1024x353.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/rethinkq.adp.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/11\/DT10888-768x264.jpg 768w, https:\/\/rethinkq.adp.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/11\/DT10888-50x17.jpg 50w, https:\/\/rethinkq.adp.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/11\/DT10888-1600x551.jpg 1600w, https:\/\/rethinkq.adp.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/11\/DT10888-1536x529.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/rethinkq.adp.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/11\/DT10888-2048x705.jpg 2048w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 2560px) 100vw, 2560px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Craftsmen as depicted in the Tomb of Nebamun and Ipuky during the reign of Amenhotep III\u2013Akhenaten, ca. 1390\u20131349 B.C. in El-Khokha, Egypt. This facsimile was painted at the tomb in 1921\u20131922. The Met, Rogers Fund, 1930.\n<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Resistance in the Roman Empire<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>In ancient Rome, there were two classes of citizens\u2013patricians and plebes, as well as a third class, slaves, who were not citizens. One history of early Rome, written by Titus Livius, offers accounts of plebeian protests and resistance, including what became known as the 1st Secession.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>While plebes did not serve in Rome\u2019s legislatures, they did serve in the army, and at that time, Roman society was regularly under military threat. In 494 BCE, while patrician legislators were preparing to raise another army, plebes began holding nighttime gatherings to discuss their rights. According to Livius, the senators considered forgiving some plebeian debts to entice them into the military. But instead, the lawmakers named a dictator who forced the plebes into service and won a great victory. However, when they attempted to fight a second war with the same army, the plebes left the city <em>en masse<\/em>, constituting the 1st Secession.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/digitalcommons.augustana.edu\/cgi\/viewcontent.cgi?article=1004&amp;context=classtudent\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">According to Chris Salatin<\/a>, an expert on the Roman Empire, Livius\u2019s account likely contains several important inaccuracies, because he was writing about events that had happened centuries earlier. Nevertheless, the goal of the secession seems clear: the plebes left the city for a fortified location three miles away and forced the patricians to run the city without them. The 1st Secession ended when the patricians agreed to form the Tribunes of the Plebes and a Council of the Plebes, which did not give the working class any legislative power but did give them a voice in the governing of Rome.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>In a 1963 article titled \u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/www.jstor.org\/stable\/3293990?seq=2\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Strikes in the Roman Empire<\/a>,\u201d scholar Ramsey McMullen noted that when \u201cstrike\u201d is broadly defined as a \u201crefusal to work,\u201d it is possible to find many instances of strikes. In fact, at one point the empire\u2019s craft guilds were outlawed for fear they might foment riots or simply stop working and weaken the cities. However, some workers were considered so \u201cessential to the public\u201d that their associations were tolerated by the authorities. They included builders, shippers and bakers.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>One Roman strike took place in the city of Ephesus, the ruins of which are located in present-day Turkey. Ephesus was famous for being home to the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/topic\/Temple-of-Artemis-temple-Ephesus-Turkey\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Temple of Artemus<\/a>, built around 550 BCE and one of the Seven Wonders of the Ancient World. By 200 CE, Ephesus was part of the Roman Empire. Around that year, the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.judaism-and-rome.org\/bakers-and-riots-ephesus\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">bakers of Ephesus<\/a> created a riot in the market square, likely protesting their working conditions and the price of bread. Details of the event are quite limited because our only account of their revolt comes from an incomplete <a href=\"https:\/\/www.judaism-and-rome.org\/sites\/default\/files\/styles\/large\/public\/riots_bakers_ephesus_0.jpg?itok=tPLvybIj\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">edict etched in a broken piece of marble<\/a> and held at the Museum of Istanbul. At the time, market supervisors set the price of bread, which apparently undercut the bakers\u2019 ability to earn a living. Furthermore, disruptions in the grain supply sometimes led to bakers\u2019 protests. It may have been that both circumstances occurred at once, leading the bakers to riot against imperial control.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>In the riot\u2019s aftermath, a Roman official issued the edict, noting that the bakers who had caused the recent \u201cdisorder\u201d had already been arrested and tried. In case it was not clear, the official added that the bakers must not be so \u201cbold\u201d again, and that they must comply with \u201cofficial commands by providing the necessary labor\u201d to play their essential role in the city.<\/p>\n\n\n<div id=\"gutenslider-beizlphbc\" class=\"wp-block-eedee-block-gutenslider gs-frontend content-change alignnone adaptive-height arrow-style-1 arrow-position-sides arrow-mb-none arrows-lg arrows-md arrows-sm dot-style-1 dots-lg-none dots-md-none dots-sm-none dot-position-bottom is-position-center-center mb-none wrap-auto-height\" data-parallax-direction=\"down\" data-parallax-amount=\"1.3\" data-lg-transition=\"lg-slide\" data-hash=\"\" ><div class=\"eedee-swiper-outer\" style=\"--gutenslider-min-height: 50vh;--gutenslider-arrow-size: 46px;--gutenslider-dot-size: 25px;--gutenslider-arrow-color: #ffffff;--gutenslider-dot-color: #ffffff;--gutenslider-padding-y-mobile: 40px;--gutenslider-padding-x-mobile: 40px;--gutenslider-padding-y-tablet: 40px;--gutenslider-padding-x-tablet: 40px;--gutenslider-padding-y-desktop: 40px;--gutenslider-padding-x-desktop: 40px;--gutenslider-bg-image: url();--gutenslider-min-height-md: 50vh;--gutenslider-min-height-sm: 50vh;--gutenslider-padding-x: 40px;--gutenslider-padding-x-md: 40px;--gutenslider-padding-x-sm: 20px;--gutenslider-padding-y: 40px;--gutenslider-padding-y-md: 40px;--gutenslider-padding-y-sm: 20px;--gutenslider-arrow-size-md: 46px;--gutenslider-arrow-size-sm: 46px;--gutenslider-dot-size-md: 25px;--gutenslider-dot-size-sm: 25px;--gutenslider-arrow-bg-color: transparent;--gutenslider-arrow-hover-color: #eeeeee;--gutenslider-arrow-bg-hover-color: transparent;--gutenslider-arrow-x-offset: 10px;--gutenslider-arrow-x-offset-md: 10px;--gutenslider-arrow-x-offset-sm: 10px;--gutenslider-arrow-y-offset: 0px;--gutenslider-arrow-y-offset-md: 0px;--gutenslider-arrow-y-offset-sm: 0px;--gutenslider-arrow-x-spacing: 0px;--gutenslider-dot-y-offset: 10px;--gutenslider-dot-y-offset-md: 10px;--gutenslider-dot-y-offset-sm: 10px;--gutenslider-margin-x: 0px;--gutenslider-margin-x-md: 0px;--gutenslider-margin-x-sm: 0px;--gutenslider-margin-y: 0px;--gutenslider-margin-y-md: 0px;--gutenslider-margin-y-sm: 0px;--gutenslider-divider-top: 60px;--gutenslider-divider-bottom: 60px;--gutenslider-lightgallery-bg: #ffffff;--gutenslider-lightgallery-font: #000000;--gs-first-pos: 50% 50%;--gs-gap-vertical: var( --wp--style--gallery-gap-default, var( --gallery-block--gutter-size, var( --wp--style--block-gap, 0.5em ) ) );--gs-gap-horizontal: var( --wp--style--gallery-gap-default, var( --gallery-block--gutter-size, var( --wp--style--block-gap, 0.5em ) ) );\"><div class=\"gutenslider-divider-top\" style=\"color:#fff;\"><\/div><div class=\"swiper\" data-settings='{\"autoplay\":false,\"speed\":700,\"direction\":\"horizontal\",\"autoHeight\":\"\",\"loop\":true,\"centeredSlides\":true,\"spaceBetween\":0,\"slidesPerView\":1,\"slidesPerGroup\":1,\"effect\":\"slide\",\"coverflowEffect\":{\"rotate\":30,\"slideShadows\":false,\"depth\":100,\"stretch\":50,\"modifier\":1},\"fadeEffect\":{\"crossFade\":true},\"zoom\":\"\",\"navigation\":{\"nextEl\":\"#gutenslider-beizlphbc .eedee-gutenslider-next\",\"prevEl\":\"#gutenslider-beizlphbc .eedee-gutenslider-prev\"},\"pagination\":{\"type\":\"bullets\",\"clickable\":true,\"dynamicBullets\":false,\"el\":\"#gutenslider-beizlphbc .eedee-gutenslider-pagination\"},\"pauseOnHover\":\"1\",\"watchSlidesProgress\":true,\"watchSlidesVisibility\":true,\"settingsMd\":{\"autoHeight\":\"\",\"slidesPerView\":1,\"slidesPerGroup\":1,\"spaceBetween\":0,\"loop\":true},\"settingsLg\":{\"autoHeight\":\"1\",\"slidesPerView\":1,\"slidesPerGroup\":1,\"spaceBetween\":0,\"loop\":true},\"hasLg\":false,\"hasLgCounter\":true,\"isFullScreen\":false,\"arrowsFollowMouse\":false,\"lgTitle\":\"none\",\"lgCaption\":\"none\",\"lgThumbnails\":true,\"lgZoomEnabled\":false,\"keyboard\":{\"keyboard\":{\"enabled\":true,\"onlyInViewport\":true}},\"hashNavigation\":false,\"dividers\":false}'><div class=\"swiper-wrapper\">\n<div class=\"swiper-slide wp-block-eedee-block-gutenslide is-position-center-center ed-bg-none\" style=\"--slide-min-width:80%;\" data-hash=\"\"><div class=\"eedee-background-div no-media-background\"><div class=\"eedee-background-div__overlay\" style=\"opacity:1;\"><\/div><\/div><div class=\"slide-content\">\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"758\" src=\"https:\/\/rethinkq.adp.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/11\/London-strike.-Truck-under-police-protection.jpeg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-2998\" srcset=\"https:\/\/rethinkq.adp.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/11\/London-strike.-Truck-under-police-protection.jpeg 1024w, https:\/\/rethinkq.adp.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/11\/London-strike.-Truck-under-police-protection-300x222.jpeg 300w, https:\/\/rethinkq.adp.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/11\/London-strike.-Truck-under-police-protection-768x569.jpeg 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Truck under police protection during a London strike between 1910 and 1915. Library of Congress Prints and Photographs Division<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n<div class=\"swiper-slide wp-block-eedee-block-gutenslide is-position-center-center ed-bg-none\" style=\"--slide-min-width:80%;\" data-hash=\"\"><div class=\"eedee-background-div no-media-background\"><div class=\"eedee-background-div__overlay\" style=\"opacity:1;\"><\/div><\/div><div class=\"slide-content\">\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"752\" src=\"https:\/\/rethinkq.adp.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/11\/London-Strike-gates-of-Great-East-India-dock-closed.jpeg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-2997\" srcset=\"https:\/\/rethinkq.adp.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/11\/London-Strike-gates-of-Great-East-India-dock-closed.jpeg 1024w, https:\/\/rethinkq.adp.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/11\/London-Strike-gates-of-Great-East-India-dock-closed-300x220.jpeg 300w, https:\/\/rethinkq.adp.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/11\/London-Strike-gates-of-Great-East-India-dock-closed-768x564.jpeg 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">The gates of Great East India dock closed during a London strike between 1910 and 1915. Library of Congress Prints and Photographs Division<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n<div class=\"swiper-slide wp-block-eedee-block-gutenslide is-position-center-center ed-bg-none\" style=\"--slide-min-width:80%;\" data-hash=\"\"><div class=\"eedee-background-div no-media-background\"><div class=\"eedee-background-div__overlay\" style=\"opacity:1;\"><\/div><\/div><div class=\"slide-content\">\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"1536\" height=\"1030\" src=\"https:\/\/rethinkq.adp.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/11\/master-pnp-cph-3a40000-3a49000-3a49600-3a49619u.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-2999\" srcset=\"https:\/\/rethinkq.adp.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/11\/master-pnp-cph-3a40000-3a49000-3a49600-3a49619u.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/rethinkq.adp.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/11\/master-pnp-cph-3a40000-3a49000-3a49600-3a49619u-300x201.jpg 300w, https:\/\/rethinkq.adp.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/11\/master-pnp-cph-3a40000-3a49000-3a49600-3a49619u-1024x687.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/rethinkq.adp.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/11\/master-pnp-cph-3a40000-3a49000-3a49600-3a49619u-768x515.jpg 768w, https:\/\/rethinkq.adp.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/11\/master-pnp-cph-3a40000-3a49000-3a49600-3a49619u-375x250.jpg 375w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1536px) 100vw, 1536px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Picket girls on duty during the Ladies Tailors Strike in New York City in 1910. Library of Congress Prints and Photographs Division<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n<div class=\"swiper-slide wp-block-eedee-block-gutenslide is-position-center-center ed-bg-none\" style=\"--slide-min-width:80%;\" data-hash=\"\"><div class=\"eedee-background-div no-media-background\"><div class=\"eedee-background-div__overlay\" style=\"opacity:1;\"><\/div><\/div><div class=\"slide-content\">\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"1395\" height=\"1024\" src=\"https:\/\/rethinkq.adp.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/11\/Factory-strike-Tokyo-rs.jpeg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-3008\" srcset=\"https:\/\/rethinkq.adp.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/11\/Factory-strike-Tokyo-rs.jpeg 1395w, https:\/\/rethinkq.adp.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/11\/Factory-strike-Tokyo-rs-300x220.jpeg 300w, https:\/\/rethinkq.adp.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/11\/Factory-strike-Tokyo-rs-1024x752.jpeg 1024w, https:\/\/rethinkq.adp.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/11\/Factory-strike-Tokyo-rs-768x564.jpeg 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1395px) 100vw, 1395px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Factory strike in Tokyo between 1915 and 1920. Library of Congress Prints and Photographs Division<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n<div class=\"swiper-slide wp-block-eedee-block-gutenslide is-position-center-center ed-bg-none\" style=\"--slide-min-width:80%;\" data-hash=\"\"><div class=\"eedee-background-div no-media-background\"><div class=\"eedee-background-div__overlay\" style=\"opacity:1;\"><\/div><\/div><div class=\"slide-content\">\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"783\" src=\"https:\/\/rethinkq.adp.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/11\/Sitdown-strikers-in-the-Fisher-body-plant-factory-number-three.-Flint-Michigan.jpeg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-3000\" srcset=\"https:\/\/rethinkq.adp.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/11\/Sitdown-strikers-in-the-Fisher-body-plant-factory-number-three.-Flint-Michigan.jpeg 1024w, https:\/\/rethinkq.adp.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/11\/Sitdown-strikers-in-the-Fisher-body-plant-factory-number-three.-Flint-Michigan-300x229.jpeg 300w, https:\/\/rethinkq.adp.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/11\/Sitdown-strikers-in-the-Fisher-body-plant-factory-number-three.-Flint-Michigan-768x587.jpeg 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Strikers in the Fisher body plant factory in Flint, Michigan, in 1937. Library of Congress Prints and Photographs Division<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n<\/div><\/div>\n<\/div><\/div><button class=\"eedee-gutenslider-nav eedee-gutenslider-prev\"><svg xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" width=\"24\" height=\"24\"><circle class=\"bg\" cx=\"13\" cy=\"12\" r=\"11\" \/><path fill=\"none\" d=\"M0 0h24v24H0z\"\/><path class=\"arrow\" d=\"M10.828 12l4.95 4.95-1.414 1.414L8 12l6.364-6.364 1.414 1.414z\"\/><\/svg><\/button><button class=\"eedee-gutenslider-nav eedee-gutenslider-next\"><svg xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" width=\"24\" height=\"24\"><circle class=\"bg\" cx=\"11\" cy=\"12\" r=\"11\" \/><path fill=\"none\" d=\"M0 0h24v24H0z\"\/><path class=\"arrow\" d=\"M13.172 12l-4.95-4.95 1.414-1.414L16 12l-6.364 6.364-1.414-1.414z\"\/><\/svg><\/button><div class=\"eedee-gutenslider-pagination\"><\/div><div class=\"gutenslider-divider-bottom \" style=\"color:#fff;\"><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n\n\n<div style=\"height:20px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p>These strikes and revolts of the ancient world are very different from labor strikes we know today. Even the guilds of the Roman Empire would not be recognizable as workers\u2019 organizations \u2014 they might look more like a religious sect combined with an industry association. Work stoppages occurred when there was a breakdown in the social and economic systems of the society.\u00a0<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>It would not be until the industrialization of the last couple centuries that workers would walk off the job to form picket lines and make demands on their employers in ways we would recognize today. This only came with the development of large numbers of people working the same jobs \u2014<em> <\/em>a concept that did not exist in the ancient world \u2014&nbsp;and having widely recognizable rights as employees.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Yet, there are still parallels to those ancient events where people came together to make demands for decent working conditions and a living wage.<\/p>\n\n\n<div class=\"block--author\">      <div class=\"block-author__inner\">\n        <div class=\"author--image\">\n                      <a href=\"https:\/\/rethinkq.adp.com\/author\/lou-martin\/\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/rethinkq.adp.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/10\/profile_Martin-Lou-298x305.jpg\" alt=\"\" \/><\/a>\n                  <\/div>\n        <div class=\"author--info\">\n                      <a href=\"https:\/\/rethinkq.adp.com\/author\/lou-martin\/\" class=\"author--name\">Dr. Lou Martin<\/a>\n\n          \n          <p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Dr. Lou Martin is an associate professor of history at Chatham University, a cofounder of the West Virginia Mine Wars Museum, and a member of the advisory council of the Ohio River Valley Institute<\/span><\/p>\n          <div class=\"block--author-social\"><ul class=\"author--socials\"><li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.chatham.edu\/academics\/undergraduate\/history\/faculty\/lou-martin.html\" title=\"Author Website\" target=\"_blank\"><i class=\"fas fa-globe\"><\/i><\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/div>\n        <\/div>\n      <\/div>\n       <\/div>\n\n<div class=\"block--recommended-content alignwide is-style-bg-adp-tan\"><div class=\"block-recommended-content__inner\">\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Read more<\/h2>\n\n\n<div class=\"block--article-pushpoint pushpoint__small\">      <div class=\"block-article-pushpoint__inner\">\n        <a href=\"https:\/\/rethinkq.adp.com\/history-of-the-weekend\/\">\n        <div class=\"pushpoint--image\">\n          <img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/rethinkq.adp.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/05\/m20080305051_01-1084x576.jpg\" alt=\"\" \/>\n        <\/div>\n        <div class=\"pushpoint--info\">\n                    <span class=\"pushpoint--title\">The history of the weekend<\/span>\n          <p>Thank goodness it\u2019s Friday? Although we take it for granted, the working week as we know it faced strong resistance.<\/p>        <\/div>\n      <\/a><\/div> <\/div>\n\n<div class=\"block--article-pushpoint pushpoint__small\">      <div class=\"block-article-pushpoint__inner\">\n        <a href=\"https:\/\/rethinkq.adp.com\/debate-labor-shortage-pay-issue\/\">\n        <div class=\"pushpoint--image\">\n          <img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/rethinkq.adp.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/05\/now-hiring-up-to-15-an-hour-sign-amid-a-shortage-of-workers-companies-and-restaurants-are-increasing-wages-to-attract-applicants-2JTT52P-1084x576.jpg\" alt=\"\" \/>\n        <\/div>\n        <div class=\"pushpoint--info\">\n                    <span class=\"pushpoint--title\">Do we have a labor issue or a pay issue?<\/span>\n          <p>Two experts debate the underlying causes of the current labor shortage happening worldwide. \n<\/p>        <\/div>\n      <\/a><\/div> <\/div>\n\n<div class=\"block--article-pushpoint pushpoint__small\">      <div class=\"block-article-pushpoint__inner\">\n        <a href=\"https:\/\/rethinkq.adp.com\/rethinking-just-in-time-staffing\/\">\n        <div class=\"pushpoint--image\">\n          <img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/rethinkq.adp.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/05\/istockphoto-511521036-1024x1024-1-1084x576.jpg\" alt=\"\" \/>\n        <\/div>\n        <div class=\"pushpoint--info\">\n                    <span class=\"pushpoint--title\">Rethinking just-in-time staffing\u00a0<\/span>\n          <p>Lean staffing helped many businesses survive the 2008 financial crisis. But has just-in-time staffing become too risky?\n<\/p>        <\/div>\n      <\/a><\/div> <\/div>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n<section class=\"wp-block-group alignfull section--sign-up has-background\" style=\"background-color:#7967ae\"><div class=\"wp-block-group__inner-container is-layout-flow wp-block-group-is-layout-flow\">\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center is-style-default has-white-color has-text-color has-large-font-size\"><a href=\"\/sign-up\/\">Sign up<\/a> to keep up to date with ReThink Q.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/section>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Strikes, a symptom of broken trust between worker and employer, date back to Ancient Egypt and Rome.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":2995,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":true,"footnotes":""},"categories":[35],"tags":[418,138,271,413,416,417,414,272],"coauthors":[118],"class_list":["post-2994","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-looking-back","tag-ancient-egypt","tag-history","tag-labor","tag-labor-rights","tag-pay","tag-roman-empire","tag-strike","tag-workforce","issue-issue-10-trust"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v26.5 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/wordpress\/plugins\/seo\/ -->\n<title>Labor actions in the ancient world - ADP ReThink Q<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Strikes, a symptom of broken trust between worker and employer, date back to Ancient Egypt and Rome.\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/rethinkq.adp.com\/history-strikes-ancient-world\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Labor actions in the ancient world - ADP ReThink Q\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Strikes, a symptom of broken trust between worker and employer, date back to Ancient Egypt and Rome.\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:url\" content=\"https:\/\/rethinkq.adp.com\/history-strikes-ancient-world\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:site_name\" content=\"ADP ReThink Q\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:publisher\" content=\"Dr. Lou Martin\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:author\" content=\"https:\/\/rachel.codes\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:published_time\" content=\"2023-12-01T16:18:41+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:modified_time\" content=\"2024-09-03T09:00:47+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:image\" content=\"https:\/\/rethinkq.adp.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/11\/Screenshot-2023-11-03-at-16.03.42-1024x755.png\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:width\" content=\"1024\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:height\" content=\"755\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:type\" content=\"image\/png\" \/>\n<meta name=\"author\" content=\"Dr. Lou Martin\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:card\" content=\"summary_large_image\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:creator\" content=\"@rachelcodes\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:label1\" content=\"Written by\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data1\" content=\"Dr. Lou Martin\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:label2\" content=\"Est. reading time\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data2\" content=\"9 minutes\" \/>\n<script type=\"application\/ld+json\" class=\"yoast-schema-graph\">{\"@context\":\"https:\/\/schema.org\",\"@graph\":[{\"@type\":\"WebPage\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/rethinkq.adp.com\/history-strikes-ancient-world\/\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/rethinkq.adp.com\/history-strikes-ancient-world\/\",\"name\":\"Labor actions in the ancient world - ADP ReThink Q\",\"isPartOf\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/rethinkq.adp.com\/#website\"},\"primaryImageOfPage\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/rethinkq.adp.com\/history-strikes-ancient-world\/#primaryimage\"},\"image\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/rethinkq.adp.com\/history-strikes-ancient-world\/#primaryimage\"},\"thumbnailUrl\":\"https:\/\/rethinkq.adp.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/11\/Screenshot-2023-11-03-at-16.03.42.png\",\"datePublished\":\"2023-12-01T16:18:41+00:00\",\"dateModified\":\"2024-09-03T09:00:47+00:00\",\"author\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/rethinkq.adp.com\/#\/schema\/person\/d0bb4ba3a0a65edfadebf728bbb547c1\"},\"description\":\"Strikes, a symptom of broken trust between worker and employer, date back to Ancient Egypt and Rome.\",\"breadcrumb\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/rethinkq.adp.com\/history-strikes-ancient-world\/#breadcrumb\"},\"inLanguage\":\"en-US\",\"potentialAction\":[{\"@type\":\"ReadAction\",\"target\":[\"https:\/\/rethinkq.adp.com\/history-strikes-ancient-world\/\"]}]},{\"@type\":\"ImageObject\",\"inLanguage\":\"en-US\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/rethinkq.adp.com\/history-strikes-ancient-world\/#primaryimage\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/rethinkq.adp.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/11\/Screenshot-2023-11-03-at-16.03.42.png\",\"contentUrl\":\"https:\/\/rethinkq.adp.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/11\/Screenshot-2023-11-03-at-16.03.42.png\",\"width\":1228,\"height\":906},{\"@type\":\"BreadcrumbList\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/rethinkq.adp.com\/history-strikes-ancient-world\/#breadcrumb\",\"itemListElement\":[{\"@type\":\"ListItem\",\"position\":1,\"name\":\"Home\",\"item\":\"https:\/\/rethinkq.adp.com\/\"},{\"@type\":\"ListItem\",\"position\":2,\"name\":\"Labor actions in the ancient world\"}]},{\"@type\":\"WebSite\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/rethinkq.adp.com\/#website\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/rethinkq.adp.com\/\",\"name\":\"ADP ReThink Q\",\"description\":\"Telling the human stories of payroll\",\"potentialAction\":[{\"@type\":\"SearchAction\",\"target\":{\"@type\":\"EntryPoint\",\"urlTemplate\":\"https:\/\/rethinkq.adp.com\/?s={search_term_string}\"},\"query-input\":{\"@type\":\"PropertyValueSpecification\",\"valueRequired\":true,\"valueName\":\"search_term_string\"}}],\"inLanguage\":\"en-US\"},{\"@type\":\"Person\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/rethinkq.adp.com\/#\/schema\/person\/d0bb4ba3a0a65edfadebf728bbb547c1\",\"name\":\"rachel\",\"image\":{\"@type\":\"ImageObject\",\"inLanguage\":\"en-US\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/rethinkq.adp.com\/#\/schema\/person\/image\/699e6af4e3ba3b377022a080054acf94\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/secure.gravatar.com\/avatar\/8d89326a4b2185513249eaef9cb80ada89d65cf61b43b9868fcfa1be0f69530f?s=96&d=mm&r=g\",\"contentUrl\":\"https:\/\/secure.gravatar.com\/avatar\/8d89326a4b2185513249eaef9cb80ada89d65cf61b43b9868fcfa1be0f69530f?s=96&d=mm&r=g\",\"caption\":\"rachel\"},\"sameAs\":[\"https:\/\/rethinkq.adp.com\",\"https:\/\/rachel.codes\",\"https:\/\/x.com\/rachelcodes\"]}]}<\/script>\n<!-- \/ Yoast SEO plugin. -->","yoast_head_json":{"title":"Labor actions in the ancient world - ADP ReThink Q","description":"Strikes, a symptom of broken trust between worker and employer, date back to Ancient Egypt and Rome.","robots":{"index":"index","follow":"follow","max-snippet":"max-snippet:-1","max-image-preview":"max-image-preview:large","max-video-preview":"max-video-preview:-1"},"canonical":"https:\/\/rethinkq.adp.com\/history-strikes-ancient-world\/","og_locale":"en_US","og_type":"article","og_title":"Labor actions in the ancient world - ADP ReThink Q","og_description":"Strikes, a symptom of broken trust between worker and employer, date back to Ancient Egypt and Rome.","og_url":"https:\/\/rethinkq.adp.com\/history-strikes-ancient-world\/","og_site_name":"ADP ReThink Q","article_publisher":"Dr. Lou Martin","article_author":"https:\/\/rachel.codes","article_published_time":"2023-12-01T16:18:41+00:00","article_modified_time":"2024-09-03T09:00:47+00:00","og_image":[{"width":1024,"height":755,"url":"https:\/\/rethinkq.adp.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/11\/Screenshot-2023-11-03-at-16.03.42-1024x755.png","type":"image\/png"}],"author":"Dr. Lou Martin","twitter_card":"summary_large_image","twitter_creator":"@rachelcodes","twitter_misc":{"Written by":"Dr. Lou Martin","Est. reading time":"9 minutes"},"schema":{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@graph":[{"@type":"WebPage","@id":"https:\/\/rethinkq.adp.com\/history-strikes-ancient-world\/","url":"https:\/\/rethinkq.adp.com\/history-strikes-ancient-world\/","name":"Labor actions in the ancient world - ADP ReThink Q","isPartOf":{"@id":"https:\/\/rethinkq.adp.com\/#website"},"primaryImageOfPage":{"@id":"https:\/\/rethinkq.adp.com\/history-strikes-ancient-world\/#primaryimage"},"image":{"@id":"https:\/\/rethinkq.adp.com\/history-strikes-ancient-world\/#primaryimage"},"thumbnailUrl":"https:\/\/rethinkq.adp.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/11\/Screenshot-2023-11-03-at-16.03.42.png","datePublished":"2023-12-01T16:18:41+00:00","dateModified":"2024-09-03T09:00:47+00:00","author":{"@id":"https:\/\/rethinkq.adp.com\/#\/schema\/person\/d0bb4ba3a0a65edfadebf728bbb547c1"},"description":"Strikes, a symptom of broken trust between worker and employer, date back to Ancient Egypt and Rome.","breadcrumb":{"@id":"https:\/\/rethinkq.adp.com\/history-strikes-ancient-world\/#breadcrumb"},"inLanguage":"en-US","potentialAction":[{"@type":"ReadAction","target":["https:\/\/rethinkq.adp.com\/history-strikes-ancient-world\/"]}]},{"@type":"ImageObject","inLanguage":"en-US","@id":"https:\/\/rethinkq.adp.com\/history-strikes-ancient-world\/#primaryimage","url":"https:\/\/rethinkq.adp.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/11\/Screenshot-2023-11-03-at-16.03.42.png","contentUrl":"https:\/\/rethinkq.adp.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/11\/Screenshot-2023-11-03-at-16.03.42.png","width":1228,"height":906},{"@type":"BreadcrumbList","@id":"https:\/\/rethinkq.adp.com\/history-strikes-ancient-world\/#breadcrumb","itemListElement":[{"@type":"ListItem","position":1,"name":"Home","item":"https:\/\/rethinkq.adp.com\/"},{"@type":"ListItem","position":2,"name":"Labor actions in the ancient world"}]},{"@type":"WebSite","@id":"https:\/\/rethinkq.adp.com\/#website","url":"https:\/\/rethinkq.adp.com\/","name":"ADP ReThink Q","description":"Telling the human stories of payroll","potentialAction":[{"@type":"SearchAction","target":{"@type":"EntryPoint","urlTemplate":"https:\/\/rethinkq.adp.com\/?s={search_term_string}"},"query-input":{"@type":"PropertyValueSpecification","valueRequired":true,"valueName":"search_term_string"}}],"inLanguage":"en-US"},{"@type":"Person","@id":"https:\/\/rethinkq.adp.com\/#\/schema\/person\/d0bb4ba3a0a65edfadebf728bbb547c1","name":"rachel","image":{"@type":"ImageObject","inLanguage":"en-US","@id":"https:\/\/rethinkq.adp.com\/#\/schema\/person\/image\/699e6af4e3ba3b377022a080054acf94","url":"https:\/\/secure.gravatar.com\/avatar\/8d89326a4b2185513249eaef9cb80ada89d65cf61b43b9868fcfa1be0f69530f?s=96&d=mm&r=g","contentUrl":"https:\/\/secure.gravatar.com\/avatar\/8d89326a4b2185513249eaef9cb80ada89d65cf61b43b9868fcfa1be0f69530f?s=96&d=mm&r=g","caption":"rachel"},"sameAs":["https:\/\/rethinkq.adp.com","https:\/\/rachel.codes","https:\/\/x.com\/rachelcodes"]}]}},"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/rethinkq.adp.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2994","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/rethinkq.adp.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/rethinkq.adp.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/rethinkq.adp.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/rethinkq.adp.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=2994"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/rethinkq.adp.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2994\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/rethinkq.adp.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/2995"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/rethinkq.adp.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=2994"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/rethinkq.adp.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=2994"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/rethinkq.adp.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=2994"},{"taxonomy":"author","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/rethinkq.adp.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/coauthors?post=2994"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}