{"id":3200,"date":"2024-03-15T13:26:14","date_gmt":"2024-03-15T13:26:14","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/rethinkq.adp.com\/?p=3200"},"modified":"2024-09-03T10:20:19","modified_gmt":"2024-09-03T09:20:19","slug":"artifact-the-denominator","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/rethinkq.adp.com\/artifact-the-denominator\/","title":{"rendered":"The Denominator, a device for counting money"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<header class=\"entry-header bg-adp-tan block--article-header alignfull block--article-header\" >\n\n  \n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image alignfull size-full entry--image\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"2000\" height=\"906\" src=\"https:\/\/rethinkq.adp.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/denominator-arithmeum.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-3363\" srcset=\"https:\/\/rethinkq.adp.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/denominator-arithmeum.jpg 2000w, https:\/\/rethinkq.adp.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/denominator-arithmeum-300x136.jpg 300w, https:\/\/rethinkq.adp.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/denominator-arithmeum-1024x464.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/rethinkq.adp.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/denominator-arithmeum-768x348.jpg 768w, https:\/\/rethinkq.adp.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/denominator-arithmeum-50x23.jpg 50w, https:\/\/rethinkq.adp.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/denominator-arithmeum-1600x725.jpg 1600w, https:\/\/rethinkq.adp.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/denominator-arithmeum-1536x696.jpg 1536w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 2000px) 100vw, 2000px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">The Denominator, manufactured ca. 1930. Source: Arithmeum<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group entry--title-wrapper\"><div class=\"wp-block-group__inner-container is-layout-flow wp-block-group-is-layout-flow\"><div class=\"entry--social-share\">\n  <ul>\n    <li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.facebook.com\/sharer\/sharer.php?u=https:\/\/rethinkq.adp.com\/artifact-the-denominator\/&#038;t=The Denominator, a device for counting money\" target=\"_blank\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/rethinkq.adp.com\/wp-content\/themes\/rethink-quarterly\/img\/facebook.svg\" alt=\"Facebook logo - click to share this article on Facebook\"><\/a><\/li>\n    <li><a href=\"http:\/\/twitter.com\/share?text=The Denominator, a device for counting money&#038;url=https:\/\/rethinkq.adp.com\/artifact-the-denominator\/\" target=\"_blank\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/rethinkq.adp.com\/wp-content\/themes\/rethink-quarterly\/img\/twitter.svg\" alt=\"Twitter logo - click to share this article on Twitter\"><\/a><\/li>\n    <li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.linkedin.com\/sharing\/share-offsite\/?url=https%3A%2F%2Frethinkq.adp.com%2Fartifact-the-denominator%2F\" target=\"_blank\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/rethinkq.adp.com\/wp-content\/themes\/rethink-quarterly\/img\/linkedin.svg\" alt=\"LinkedIn logo - click to share this article on Facebook\"><\/a><\/li>\n  <\/ul>\n<\/div>\n\n            <a class=\"entry--tag tag-style\" href=\"https:\/\/rethinkq.adp.com\/artifact\/\">Artifact<\/a>\n\n        \n  <h1 class=\"entry-title\">The Denominator, a device for counting money<\/h1>\n\n\n<p class=\"is-style-summary-style\">Mechanical tabulation changed the game for payroll clerks in the early 20th century.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"entry--meta content-width\">\n           <p class=\"authors\">By\n                        <a href=\"https:\/\/rethinkq.adp.com\/author\/erhard-anthes\/\">Erhard Anthes<\/a>\n\n             \n         \n     <\/p>\n    \n  \n  <p>15 March 2024  <span class=\"desktop-only\">\u2014<\/span> <a href=\"https:\/\/rethinkq.adp.com\/issue-11-borders\/\">Issue 11: Borders<\/a> \n  <\/div><!-- .entry-meta -->\n\n<\/header><!-- .entry-header -->\n\t<div class=\"entry-content content-width\">\n\n\n\n<p>Back when employers paid workers exclusively in cash, it was hard to know the correct combination of notes and coins needed to meet payroll. Determining the exact combination was time consuming and tedious \u2014 but the introduction of the Denominator changed the game for U.S. payroll clerks in the early 20th century.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Designed by William A. Cook and Joseph Levine in 1915, the Denominator counting machine began to be produced by the Denominator Adding Machine Company in New York in the early 1920s. The patent, granted in 1923, describes \u201can apparatus for the use of paymasters for denominating currency for payrolls, or for other purposes, [&#8230;] the device will be cheap to construct, easy to assemble, will not easily get out of order, and which will be easy to repair.\u201d The machine cost $45 when it was first invented in 1915 \u2014 equivalent to more than $1,300 in today\u2019s dollars.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image is-style-zoooom\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-large\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"377\" src=\"https:\/\/rethinkq.adp.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/Denominator_US1444586-1-1024x377.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-3207\" srcset=\"https:\/\/rethinkq.adp.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/Denominator_US1444586-1-1024x377.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/rethinkq.adp.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/Denominator_US1444586-1-300x111.jpg 300w, https:\/\/rethinkq.adp.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/Denominator_US1444586-1-768x283.jpg 768w, https:\/\/rethinkq.adp.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/Denominator_US1444586-1-50x18.jpg 50w, https:\/\/rethinkq.adp.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/Denominator_US1444586-1-1600x590.jpg 1600w, https:\/\/rethinkq.adp.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/Denominator_US1444586-1-1536x566.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/rethinkq.adp.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/Denominator_US1444586-1-2048x755.jpg 2048w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Drawings Fig. 1 and Fig. 3 from Patent US1444585 [1921\/1923]. A three-digit adding mechanism is provided for each denomination, which counts up by one unit each time the button is pressed. The maximum value per currency unit is 999. <\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image is-style-zoooom\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-large\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"691\" src=\"https:\/\/rethinkq.adp.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/Denominator_US1444586-2-1024x691.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-3208\" srcset=\"https:\/\/rethinkq.adp.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/Denominator_US1444586-2-1024x691.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/rethinkq.adp.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/Denominator_US1444586-2-300x203.jpg 300w, https:\/\/rethinkq.adp.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/Denominator_US1444586-2-768x519.jpg 768w, https:\/\/rethinkq.adp.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/Denominator_US1444586-2-50x34.jpg 50w, https:\/\/rethinkq.adp.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/Denominator_US1444586-2.jpg 1102w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">The cross-section of the machine in Fig. 3 shows the structure of the counter. When the button 21 is pressed, the shift tooth 13 is guided downwards, sliding over the nose of the ratchet wheel 10 into the lower position. When the button is released, the spring 18 pushes the shifting tooth upwards and thus the ratchet wheel with the number wheel 7 one position further. <\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image is-style-zoooom\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-large\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"574\" src=\"https:\/\/rethinkq.adp.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/Denominator_US2175621-4-1024x574.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-3206\" srcset=\"https:\/\/rethinkq.adp.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/Denominator_US2175621-4-1024x574.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/rethinkq.adp.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/Denominator_US2175621-4-300x168.jpg 300w, https:\/\/rethinkq.adp.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/Denominator_US2175621-4-768x431.jpg 768w, https:\/\/rethinkq.adp.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/Denominator_US2175621-4-50x28.jpg 50w, https:\/\/rethinkq.adp.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/Denominator_US2175621-4-1600x898.jpg 1600w, https:\/\/rethinkq.adp.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/Denominator_US2175621-4-1536x862.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/rethinkq.adp.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/Denominator_US2175621-4.jpg 1745w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Drawing from patent US2175621 [1936\/1939], an improvement to the device by Anton Van Veen that includes an additional totalizing mechanism that indicates the sum of the denomination displays. It is linked to each of the individual counters and counts each keystroke.<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Mechanical tabulation<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>At the time, ahead of payday, a company had to have the correct amount of cash in stock for each individual wage earners\u2019 pay packets. So the exact number of coins and banknotes had to be determined ahead of time and requested from the bank in advance.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The Denominator made preparing for payday easier. It was technically a very simple machine. The paymaster still had to do most of the brainwork: While they determined the total amount of coins and notes for each employee without a device \u2014 by using, for example, tally sheets \u2014 the Denominator would determine the total amount of currency parts required for the entire payroll.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The paymaster would take the list of payments to be made and key in each pay amount. The optimal breakdown of a monetary amount, i.e., with the smallest number of coins and notes, was a mentally challenging task. For example, if the wage was $39.78, this value had to be broken down into the following parts: $20 + $10 + $5 + $1 x4 + 50\u00a2 + 10\u00a2 x2 + 5\u00a2 + 3\u00a2 (the currency denominations available in the U.S. in 1930 included 1-, 3-, 5-, 10-, 25- and 50-cent coins and $1, $2, $5, $10 and $20 bills).&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n<div class=\"block--sidebar bg-adp-navy alignleft\"><div class=\"block--sidebar__inner\">\n\n<p class=\"has-white-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-8c1963a0edb7e5f73931ef0e069658cd\" style=\"font-size:26px\">Manual calculations are a thing of the past thanks to <a href=\"https:\/\/uk.adp.com\/what-we-offer\/products\/adp-global-payroll.aspx\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">ADP&#8217;s innovative Global Payroll solution<\/a> that saves time while maximizing efficiency.<\/p>\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"alignright size-large is-resized\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"540\" src=\"https:\/\/rethinkq.adp.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/adp-logo-1024x540.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-3433\" style=\"width:50px\" srcset=\"https:\/\/rethinkq.adp.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/adp-logo-1024x540.png 1024w, https:\/\/rethinkq.adp.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/adp-logo-300x158.png 300w, https:\/\/rethinkq.adp.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/adp-logo-768x405.png 768w, https:\/\/rethinkq.adp.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/adp-logo-50x26.png 50w, https:\/\/rethinkq.adp.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/adp-logo.png 1238w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><\/figure><\/div>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n<p>This breakdown had to be done by the paymaster before they could use the Denominator. Then the corresponding key on the machine had to be pressed the given number of times, with different values for each person on the wage list. At the end of payroll, the advantage of the device became apparent when the paymaster could see how many coins and notes of each type they need to keep in stock in order to pay out all wages in cash, and they can request these from the bank.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The Denominator consists of a set of 11 counters, each with a separate operating key. Six keys are for values of cents (50\u00a2, 25\u00a2, 10\u00a2, 5\u00a2, 3\u00a2, 1\u00a2), and five for dollar values ($1, $2, $5, $10, $20). Behind each key are three wheels; the value shown by the wheels increases by one each time the key is pressed.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group\"><div class=\"wp-block-group__inner-container is-layout-constrained wp-block-group-is-layout-constrained\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-9d6595d7 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large is-style-default\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"705\" height=\"1024\" src=\"https:\/\/rethinkq.adp.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/Denominator_1957_Office-TL--705x1024.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-3202\" srcset=\"https:\/\/rethinkq.adp.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/Denominator_1957_Office-TL--705x1024.jpg 705w, https:\/\/rethinkq.adp.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/Denominator_1957_Office-TL--207x300.jpg 207w, https:\/\/rethinkq.adp.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/Denominator_1957_Office-TL--768x1115.jpg 768w, https:\/\/rethinkq.adp.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/Denominator_1957_Office-TL--50x73.jpg 50w, https:\/\/rethinkq.adp.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/Denominator_1957_Office-TL--1058x1536.jpg 1058w, https:\/\/rethinkq.adp.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/Denominator_1957_Office-TL-.jpg 1102w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 705px) 100vw, 705px\" \/><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"698\" height=\"1024\" src=\"https:\/\/rethinkq.adp.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/Denominator_1950_Office-TL-698x1024.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-3203\" srcset=\"https:\/\/rethinkq.adp.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/Denominator_1950_Office-TL-698x1024.jpg 698w, https:\/\/rethinkq.adp.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/Denominator_1950_Office-TL-204x300.jpg 204w, https:\/\/rethinkq.adp.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/Denominator_1950_Office-TL-768x1127.jpg 768w, https:\/\/rethinkq.adp.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/Denominator_1950_Office-TL-50x73.jpg 50w, https:\/\/rethinkq.adp.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/Denominator_1950_Office-TL-1047x1536.jpg 1047w, https:\/\/rethinkq.adp.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/Denominator_1950_Office-TL.jpg 1048w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 698px) 100vw, 698px\" \/><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-small-font-size\">Advertisements in \u201cThe Office\u201d June 1950 (left) and December 1957 (right). Source: <a href=\"https:\/\/www.rechnerlexikon.de\/wiki.php\">https:\/\/www.rechnerlexikon.de\/wiki.php<\/a><\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Multiple applications<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>The <a href=\"https:\/\/denominatorcompany.com\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Denominator Company<\/a> was founded as a family business in 1914 and is still active today, producing counting devices for various applications, including counting blood particles via microscope, observing migrant bird species or measuring the road load of motor vehicles.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Two ads from the 1950s extolled the multiple benefits of the Denominator:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>There were also other makers of denominator machines, such as the Clay-Adams Company Inc., a manufacturer and importer of laboratory, surgical and medical supplies that manufactured a denominator in the 1950s and \u201960s.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group\"><div class=\"wp-block-group__inner-container is-layout-constrained wp-block-group-is-layout-constrained\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns alignwide is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-9d6595d7 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large is-style-default\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"354\" src=\"https:\/\/rethinkq.adp.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/ClayAdams_Labcounter-1024x354.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-3204\" srcset=\"https:\/\/rethinkq.adp.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/ClayAdams_Labcounter-1024x354.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/rethinkq.adp.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/ClayAdams_Labcounter-300x104.jpg 300w, https:\/\/rethinkq.adp.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/ClayAdams_Labcounter-768x265.jpg 768w, https:\/\/rethinkq.adp.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/ClayAdams_Labcounter-50x17.jpg 50w, https:\/\/rethinkq.adp.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/ClayAdams_Labcounter-1600x553.jpg 1600w, https:\/\/rethinkq.adp.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/ClayAdams_Labcounter-1536x531.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/rethinkq.adp.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/ClayAdams_Labcounter-2048x708.jpg 2048w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"409\" src=\"https:\/\/rethinkq.adp.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/ClayAdams_LC-1024x409.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-3205\" srcset=\"https:\/\/rethinkq.adp.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/ClayAdams_LC-1024x409.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/rethinkq.adp.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/ClayAdams_LC-300x120.jpg 300w, https:\/\/rethinkq.adp.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/ClayAdams_LC-768x306.jpg 768w, https:\/\/rethinkq.adp.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/ClayAdams_LC-50x20.jpg 50w, https:\/\/rethinkq.adp.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/ClayAdams_LC-1536x613.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/rethinkq.adp.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/ClayAdams_LC.jpg 1594w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-small-font-size\">Photos: Erhard Anthes<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p>Denominator devices became unnecessary after the cash payment of wages was replaced by bank transfers later in the 20th century. However, physical examples of early denominators can still be found in the National Museum of American History, in Washington, D.C., and in the Arithmeum in Bonn, Germany.<\/p>\n\n\n<div class=\"block--author\">      <div class=\"block-author__inner\">\n        <div class=\"author--image\">\n                      <a href=\"https:\/\/rethinkq.adp.com\/author\/erhard-anthes\/\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/rethinkq.adp.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/erhardanthes-298x305.jpg\" alt=\"\" \/><\/a>\n                  <\/div>\n        <div class=\"author--info\">\n                      <a href=\"https:\/\/rethinkq.adp.com\/author\/erhard-anthes\/\" class=\"author--name\">Erhard Anthes<\/a>\n\n          \n          <p>Erhard Anthes is a retired professor of didactics of mathematics at Ludwigsburg University of Education, Germany. He is a member of GdM Gesellschaft f\u00fcr Didaktik der Mathematik, IFHB Internationales Forum Historische B\u00fcrowelt, OS Oughtred Society, and TMV Tobias-Mayer-Verein, and cooperates with the Arithmeum University Bonn. His publications themes include mathematics learning, Tobias Mayer, mechanical calculators and slide rules. He is a collector of mathematical instruments, and edited the 2023 edition of Eric Gray Forbes\u2019s book Tobias Mayer (1723 \u2013 1762).<\/p>\n          <div class=\"block--author-social\"><ul class=\"author--socials\"><\/ul><\/div>\n        <\/div>\n      <\/div>\n       <\/div>\n\n<div class=\"block--recommended-content alignwide is-style-bg-adp-tan\"><div class=\"block-recommended-content__inner\">\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Read more<\/h2>\n\n\n<div class=\"block--article-pushpoint pushpoint__small\">      <div class=\"block-article-pushpoint__inner\">\n        <a href=\"https:\/\/rethinkq.adp.com\/history-minimum-wage\/\">\n        <div class=\"pushpoint--image\">\n          <img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/rethinkq.adp.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/01\/puerto-rico-fsa-8c08000-8c08300-8c08344u-1084x576.jpg\" alt=\"\" \/>\n        <\/div>\n        <div class=\"pushpoint--info\">\n                    <span class=\"pushpoint--title\">The long evolution of minimum wage<\/span>\n          <p>Real-life experiments show that increasing minimum wages doesn\u2019t affect employment rates, but does help relieve poverty. <\/p>        <\/div>\n      <\/a><\/div> <\/div>\n\n<div class=\"block--article-pushpoint pushpoint__small\">      <div class=\"block-article-pushpoint__inner\">\n        <a href=\"https:\/\/rethinkq.adp.com\/history-strikes-ancient-world\/\">\n        <div class=\"pushpoint--image\">\n          <img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/rethinkq.adp.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/11\/Screenshot-2023-11-03-at-16.03.42-1084x576.png\" alt=\"\" \/>\n        <\/div>\n        <div class=\"pushpoint--info\">\n                    <span class=\"pushpoint--title\">Labor actions in the ancient world<\/span>\n          <p>Strikes, a symptom of broken trust between worker and employer, date back to Ancient Egypt and Rome.<\/p>        <\/div>\n      <\/a><\/div> <\/div>\n\n<div class=\"block--article-pushpoint pushpoint__small\">      <div class=\"block-article-pushpoint__inner\">\n        <a href=\"https:\/\/rethinkq.adp.com\/history-banning-child-labor\/\">\n        <div class=\"pushpoint--image\">\n          <img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/rethinkq.adp.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/Little-spinner-in-Globe-Cotton-Mill-Augusta-Ga.-Overseer-said-she-was-regularly-employed.-Location-Augusta-Georgia-1084x576.jpeg\" alt=\"\" \/>\n        <\/div>\n        <div class=\"pushpoint--info\">\n                    <span class=\"pushpoint--title\">The long road to ban child labor\u00a0<\/span>\n          <p>Industrialization led to an increased focus on banning child labor, but the efforts continue in the modern day.\n<\/p>        <\/div>\n      <\/a><\/div> <\/div>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n<section class=\"wp-block-group alignfull section--sign-up has-background\" style=\"background-color:#7967ae\"><div class=\"wp-block-group__inner-container is-layout-flow wp-block-group-is-layout-flow\">\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center is-style-default has-white-color has-text-color has-large-font-size\"><a href=\"\/sign-up\/\">Sign up<\/a> to keep up to date with ReThink Q.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/section>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Mechanical tabulation changed the game for payroll clerks in the early 20th century.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":3201,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":true,"footnotes":""},"categories":[37],"tags":[56,462,138],"coauthors":[442],"class_list":["post-3200","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-artifact","tag-artifact","tag-calculator","tag-history","issue-issue-11-borders"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v26.5 - 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