{"id":556,"date":"2021-07-01T13:41:00","date_gmt":"2021-07-01T12:41:00","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/rethink-quarterly.local\/?p=556"},"modified":"2024-09-03T22:22:38","modified_gmt":"2024-09-03T21:22:38","slug":"bringing-humanity-boardroom-csr-spending-india","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/rethinkq.adp.com\/bringing-humanity-boardroom-csr-spending-india\/","title":{"rendered":"Bringing humanity to the boardroom"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<header class=\"entry-header bg-adp-tan block--article-header alignfull block--article-header\" >\n\n  \n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full entry--image\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1280\" src=\"https:\/\/rethinkq.adp.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/09\/E55EP0-1.jpeg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-557\" srcset=\"https:\/\/rethinkq.adp.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/09\/E55EP0-1.jpeg 1920w, https:\/\/rethinkq.adp.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/09\/E55EP0-1-300x200.jpeg 300w, https:\/\/rethinkq.adp.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/09\/E55EP0-1-1024x683.jpeg 1024w, https:\/\/rethinkq.adp.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/09\/E55EP0-1-768x512.jpeg 768w, https:\/\/rethinkq.adp.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/09\/E55EP0-1-1536x1024.jpeg 1536w, https:\/\/rethinkq.adp.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/09\/E55EP0-1-375x250.jpeg 375w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group entry--title-wrapper\"><div class=\"wp-block-group__inner-container is-layout-flow wp-block-group-is-layout-flow\"><div class=\"entry--social-share\">\n  <ul>\n    <li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.facebook.com\/sharer\/sharer.php?u=https:\/\/rethinkq.adp.com\/bringing-humanity-boardroom-csr-spending-india\/&#038;t=Bringing humanity to the boardroom\" target=\"_blank\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/rethinkq.adp.com\/wp-content\/themes\/rethink-quarterly\/img\/facebook.svg\" alt=\"Facebook logo - click to share this article on Facebook\"><\/a><\/li>\n    <li><a href=\"http:\/\/twitter.com\/share?text=Bringing humanity to the boardroom&#038;url=https:\/\/rethinkq.adp.com\/bringing-humanity-boardroom-csr-spending-india\/\" target=\"_blank\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/rethinkq.adp.com\/wp-content\/themes\/rethink-quarterly\/img\/twitter.svg\" alt=\"Twitter logo - click to share this article on Twitter\"><\/a><\/li>\n    <li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.linkedin.com\/sharing\/share-offsite\/?url=https%3A%2F%2Frethinkq.adp.com%2Fbringing-humanity-boardroom-csr-spending-india%2F\" target=\"_blank\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/rethinkq.adp.com\/wp-content\/themes\/rethink-quarterly\/img\/linkedin.svg\" alt=\"LinkedIn logo - click to share this article on Facebook\"><\/a><\/li>\n  <\/ul>\n<\/div>\n\n          <span class=\"entry--tag tag-style\">Thought leadership<\/span>\n    \n  <h1 class=\"entry-title\">Bringing humanity to the boardroom<\/h1>\n\n\n<p class=\"is-style-summary-style\">In 2014, India mandated corporate social responsibility spending for all large companies. Now CSR funding tops $2 billion annually, with half of those funds dedicated to pandemic relief in 2020.<br><\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"entry--meta content-width\">\n           <p class=\"authors\">By\n                        <a href=\"https:\/\/rethinkq.adp.com\/author\/puja-bhattacharjee\/\">Puja Bhattacharjee<\/a>\n\n             \n         \n     <\/p>\n    \n  \n  <p>1 July 2021  <span class=\"desktop-only\">\u2014<\/span> <a href=\"https:\/\/rethinkq.adp.com\/issue-2-experimentation\/\">Issue 2: Experimentation<\/a> \n  <\/div><!-- .entry-meta -->\n\n<\/header><!-- .entry-header -->\n\t<div class=\"entry-content content-width\">\n\n\n\n<p><br>In March 2020, as Covid-19 began to spread across India, the government in New Delhi enacted the world\u2019s largest nationwide lockdown.&nbsp;Businesses shuttered, and many low-income families lost their livelihoods overnight. With both the formal and informal economies at a near standstill, many workers fled the cities for their home villages, and the health crisis quickly became a humanitarian crisis as well.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.akshayapatra.org\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Akshaya Patra Foundation<\/a>, a non-governmental organization (NGO) dedicated to eradicating hunger and malnutrition, went into action across India, cumulatively serving over 123 million meals in 49 locations since then. The funding primarily comes from corporate partners including American Tower Corporation, Barclays, Deutsche Bank, Goldman Sachs, LG India, Nestl\u00e9 India and PepsiCo.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u201cGrants by corporate partners through CSR programs covered over 95% of the cost of relief efforts, which included the distribution of cooked meals from the foundation\u2019s kitchens, and packed grocery kits,\u201d says foundation CEO Shridhar Venkat.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>India became the&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/bthechange.com\/csr-in-india-is-now-a-law-2502aa6d0daa\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">first country in the world<\/a>&nbsp;to mandate corporate social responsibility (CSR) spending in 2014. If an Indian company has a net worth of more than INR 500 crore (5 billion rupees, about $68 million), annual revenue of more than INR 1,000 crore ($137 million), or a net profit of more than INR 5 crore ($684,000),&nbsp;the Companies Act&nbsp;requires them to spend 2% of their average annual net profit on programs for social good.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>India\u2019s CSR program isn\u2019t about making one-time charitable donations \u2013 it has a higher purpose of giving back to the community and creating positive social change. There has been a conscious attempt to keep CSR legislation aligned&nbsp;with India\u2019s commitment to the&nbsp;U.N. Sustainable Development Goals; and since the Companies Act became law, there has been a sea change in how Indian corporations allocate their CSR.&nbsp;The mandate meant companies had to think more proactively about social issues in India and focus their ideas of business responsibility and purpose.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>In the second year of the pandemic, India\u2019s Ministry of Corporate Affairs&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.forbesindia.com\/article\/take-one-big-story-of-the-day\/inside-the-reshaping-of-csr-in-india-during-covid19\/67821\/1\">expanded<\/a>&nbsp;the scope of allowable CSR expenditures to help bolster the medical system. Companies can direct CSR funds towards creating medical oxygen storage plants, manufacturing ventilators and medical equipment, and building other vital health infrastructure. Though it\u2019s still in a critical place, India could have been in a much worse position without CSR, which totalled approximately $2 billion in 2020, with half of that going towards pandemic relief.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Shifting gears<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Initially, companies were hesitant at the idea of regulated CSR spending. \u201cDuring the first few years, companies were coming to terms with the fact that there is a regulation. They had to realign their strategies and begin to think about CSR strategically,\u201d says Priya Naik, CEO of CSR consulting firm&nbsp;<a rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" href=\"https:\/\/www.samhita.org\/\" target=\"_blank\">Samhita Social Ventures<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Before the law made CSR spending mandatory,<strong>&nbsp;<\/strong>companies would engage in one-time event-based activities such as celebrating national holidays or providing free meals. Now the focus has shifted to multi-year projects, says Payal Mulchandani, co-founder of&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.the4thwheel.com\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">4th Wheel Social Impact,<\/a>&nbsp;a CSR consulting firm. In 2014, companies that were already engaging in CSR had to figure out how to align their efforts with the new guidelines, and others that had never thought about it before had to get moving.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The CSR spending law was initially panned by some activists, and it also provides a bit of a philanthropic smokescreen. In most countries, CSR is a voluntary part of responsible business practices \u2014 companies choose to participate if they want to be a responsible corporate citizen. With mandatory giving in India, the biggest CSR spenders are not necessarily the most responsible companies, Naik says.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n<div class=\"block--sidebar bg-adp-navy alignwide\"><div class=\"block--sidebar__inner\">\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>Countries with CSR mandates<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>In most countries, corporate responsibility spending is voluntary, but a growing number mandate CSR reporting or at least encourage it:&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Mandatory CSR reporting requirements:\u00a0<\/strong>Sweden, Norway, the Netherlands, Denmark, France and Australia<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Mandatory CSR due diligence:<\/strong>\u00a0France<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Mandatory corporate philanthropy<\/strong>: Mauritius, India, Nepal<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Laws mandating social responsibility:<\/strong>\u00a0China, Indonesia<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Mandatory governance structure:\u00a0<\/strong>South Africa<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>Sources:&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.law.ox.ac.uk\/business-law-blog\/blog\/2020\/11\/mandatory-corporate-social-responsibility-legislation-around-world\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">University of Oxford Law Blog<\/a>&nbsp;and&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/ssir.org\/articles\/entry\/mandatory_csr_in_india_a_bad_proposal\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Stanford Social Innovation Review<\/a><\/p>\n\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n<p>Companies can spend CSR money on any&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.csr.gov.in\/developmentlist.php\">development<\/a>&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.csr.gov.in\/developmentlist.php\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">issues<\/a>: education, livelihood and skill development, health, rural development or gender equality. Large companies have established foundations or trusts through which they implement CSR programs. Smaller companies might give their CSR funds to government initiatives or NGOs working in the development sector such as the&nbsp;Clean Ganga Fund,&nbsp;Swachh Bharat Kosh (Clean India) or the&nbsp;Prime Minister\u2019s National Relief Fund \u2013 or they can contribute to state incubators, state-owned companies or publicly funded universities.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u201cRecently there has been an increase in multi-organization collaborations, be it corporates with corporates, corporations with government bodies, or impact investors working with others,\u201d Mulchandani says. \u201cOrganizations are collaborating to maximize their impact when they work in the same geographies or thematic areas.\u201d One example is&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.edelgive.org\/the-collaborators\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">The Collaborators<\/a>, an initiative started by EdelGive Foundation with the state government of Maharashtra that works with numerous nonprofits and funders.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>According to reports by advisory and research firm&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.sattva.co.in\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Sattva Consulting<\/a>, private and public companies spent a total of INR 89,335 crore ($12.2 billion) on CSR between 2014 and 2020. Education, healthcare and rural development projects were the top three targets for CSR money.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">CSR spending in India<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group alignwide\"><div class=\"wp-block-group__inner-container is-layout-flow wp-block-group-is-layout-flow\">\n<div class=\"flourish-embed flourish-chart\" data-src=\"visualisation\/6378931\"><script src=\"https:\/\/public.flourish.studio\/resources\/embed.js\"><\/script><\/div>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p>Source: India\u2019s Ministry of Corporate Affairs<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">The biggest targets of CSR spending<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group alignwide\"><div class=\"wp-block-group__inner-container is-layout-flow wp-block-group-is-layout-flow\">\n<div class=\"flourish-embed flourish-hierarchy\" data-src=\"visualisation\/6379106\"><script src=\"https:\/\/public.flourish.studio\/resources\/embed.js\"><\/script><\/div>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p>Source: India\u2019s Ministry of Corporate Affairs<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>At first, companies were mostly giving their CSR money to credible, large NGOs. \u201cIn the last few years, we have seen a willingness to partner with social enterprises, accelerators and incubators, not just nonprofits,\u201d says Naik.&nbsp;\u201cWe have seen a lot more government engagement in co-creating CSR initiatives.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>She points out that state-owned enterprises are especially likely to support government programs such as Swachh Bharat or&nbsp;Atmanirbhar Bharat&nbsp;(Self-reliant India) or the&nbsp;Aspirational Districts Program.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">CSR has changed companies<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>In the seven years since the CSR spending mandate, Indian companies have embraced it. Corporate Social Responsibility spending is no longer just about writing a check, but participating in a conversation around a company\u2019s role in society and how their money can create change.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u201cWhen I talk to CXOs or board members, I consistently hear that the regulation has changed boardroom conversations,\u201d Naik says.&nbsp;\u201cEarlier it was just about profits, sales and growth, but now you have the board and the senior leadership sitting down and discussing things that are of importance to the company\u2019s communities and social governance at large. In some sense, it brought in this element of humanity and purpose into boardroom conversations.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-pullquote\"><blockquote><p>CSR has brought in this element of humanity and purpose into boardroom conversations.<\/p><\/blockquote><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p>About 50% of all CSR spending still happens in collaboration with NGOs, primarily large ones, according to Sattva Consulting. Large foundations, both national, such as Tata Trusts, and international, such as the Gates Foundation, are placing an emphasis on developing and maturing private sector involvement, Naik says. \u201cThis includes helping these sectors and the stakeholders build capacity and lead impact-focused initiatives, inculcate better monitoring and reporting standards, access global best practices, undertake long-term commitments and implement innovative initiatives.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u201cWe are also seeing more acceptance of innovation, especially in finance. That\u2019s why we were able to successfully launch and address the livelihood crisis brought on by Covid-19, with a blended finance facility called REVIVE,\u201d Naik says.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The program Samhita Social Ventures created leverages CSR and philanthropic funding to provide capital, skills training and social security to informal workers and micro-enterprises, with a focus on women and youth. Since October 2020,&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.revivealliance.com\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">REVIVE<\/a>&nbsp;has reached 39,000 of its initial 100,000 target, supporting people with small beauty businesses or neighborhood stores, street vendors, carpenters and sanitation workers. It was only possible with support from a wide variety of international and regional NGOs and corporate partners.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">CSR in the time of Covid-19<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>In March last year, the Ministry of Corporate Affairs announced that funds spent on Covid-19 initiatives would count towards companies\u2019 CSR activity. As India is dealing with a deadly second wave, the government hopes increased corporate involvement will help tackle the pandemic.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">How CSR is allocated in 2021<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group\"><div class=\"wp-block-group__inner-container is-layout-flow wp-block-group-is-layout-flow\">\n<div class=\"flourish-embed flourish-hierarchy\" data-src=\"visualisation\/6379252\"><script src=\"https:\/\/public.flourish.studio\/resources\/embed.js\"><\/script><\/div>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p>Source: India\u2019s Ministry of Corporate Affairs<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The total CSR budget for 2021 is estimated at about INR 15,000 crore ($2 billion), with more than half dedicated to Covid-19 response programs. That leaves the other half available for other CSR projects, if companies do not make further allocations to pandemic programs.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Usually, about 50% of total CSR budgets are deployed through NGOs as implementation agencies.&nbsp;With half of the entire 2021 CSR pot allocated to Covid-19 relief, it remains to be seen how much of the remaining half will go to regular NGO projects.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u201cIt\u2019s commendable that companies have stepped up to the Covid-19 challenge,\u201d Naik says. However, she adds that CSR can\u2019t be reactive at the cost of other goals. \u201cFunding to other sectors such as education, livelihood recovery, environment, women\u2019s empowerment, all of which are critical, may reduce significantly,\u201d she says.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>NGOs rely on long-term planning to survive and successfully implement their plans.&nbsp;The drop in funding to non-pandemic causes has disrupted strategies for other important issues, such as fighting tuberculosis or workforce training. \u201cNGOs working in these sectors have had to pause implementation of these programs,\u201d Naik says. \u201cLast year, many NGOs had to close up shop or lay off employees.\u201d This left communities with gaps in much-needed services.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>But everyone hopes the additional financial power to fight Covid-19 will hasten the pandemic\u2019s end. \u201cMany companies during the pandemic were able to help communities around them through making medical care and equipment available, providing essential&nbsp;supplies and more,\u201d says Vrunda Bansode, head of data insights for Sattva Consulting. \u201cCSR provides a legally compliant way of accounting for those expenses, making it easier for companies&nbsp;to extend a helping hand.\u201d&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n<div class=\"block--author\">      <div class=\"block-author__inner\">\n        <div class=\"author--image\">\n                      <a href=\"https:\/\/rethinkq.adp.com\/author\/puja-bhattacharjee\/\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/rethinkq.adp.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/09\/profile_Puja-Bhattacharjee-298x305.jpeg\" alt=\"\" \/><\/a>\n                  <\/div>\n        <div class=\"author--info\">\n                      <a href=\"https:\/\/rethinkq.adp.com\/author\/puja-bhattacharjee\/\" class=\"author--name\">Puja Bhattacharjee<\/a>\n\n          \n          <p>Based in Kolkata, India, Puja Bhattacharjee is a freelance multimedia journalist. She has written for national and international publications on health, science, public policy, LGBTQ+ issues, and art and culture.<\/p>\n          <div class=\"block--author-social\"><ul class=\"author--socials\"><li><a href=\"http:\/\/www.pujabhattacharjee.com\/\" title=\"Author Website\" target=\"_blank\"><i class=\"fas fa-globe\"><\/i><\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/div>\n        <\/div>\n      <\/div>\n       <\/div>\n\n<div class=\"block--recommended-content alignwide is-style-bg-adp-tan\"><div class=\"block-recommended-content__inner\">\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Read more<\/h2>\n\n\n<div class=\"block--article-pushpoint pushpoint__small\">      <div class=\"block-article-pushpoint__inner\">\n        <a href=\"https:\/\/rethinkq.adp.com\/location-based-pay-hybrid-work\/\">\n        <div class=\"pushpoint--image\">\n          <img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/rethinkq.adp.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/10\/rural_cityroads_compressed-1084x576.jpg\" alt=\"\" \/>\n        <\/div>\n        <div class=\"pushpoint--info\">\n                    <span class=\"pushpoint--title\">In a remote world, should pay be based on location?<\/span>\n          <p>During the pandemic, some workers moved to places with a lower cost of living. Companies are now considering how much location should determine pay.<\/p>        <\/div>\n      <\/a><\/div> <\/div>\n\n<div class=\"block--article-pushpoint pushpoint__small\">      <div class=\"block-article-pushpoint__inner\">\n        <a href=\"https:\/\/rethinkq.adp.com\/gelsenkirchen-schalke-fans-pandemic\/\">\n        <div class=\"pushpoint--image\">\n          <img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/rethinkq.adp.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/10\/DSC6314-bosch-1084x576.jpg\" alt=\"\" \/>\n        <\/div>\n        <div class=\"pushpoint--info\">\n                    <span class=\"pushpoint--title\">How a German city and its football fans weathered the pandemic<\/span>\n          <p>Gelsenkirchen is best known for FC Schalke 04 and for having the highest unemployment rate in Germany. Its strong sense of community has gotten residents and businesses through the pandemic.<\/p>        <\/div>\n      <\/a><\/div> <\/div>\n\n<div class=\"block--article-pushpoint pushpoint__small\">      <div class=\"block-article-pushpoint__inner\">\n        <a href=\"https:\/\/rethinkq.adp.com\/infographics-cost-of-education\/\">\n        <div class=\"pushpoint--image\">\n          <img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/rethinkq.adp.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/cost_of_education-1084x576.jpg\" alt=\"\" \/>\n        <\/div>\n        <div class=\"pushpoint--info\">\n                    <span class=\"pushpoint--title\">The cost of education around the world<\/span>\n          <p>Falling government spending and pandemic learning losses will negatively affect the future labor force, as we show in these eight infographics.\n<\/p>        <\/div>\n      <\/a><\/div> <\/div>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n<section class=\"wp-block-group alignfull section--sign-up has-background\" style=\"background-color:#7967ae\"><div class=\"wp-block-group__inner-container is-layout-flow wp-block-group-is-layout-flow\">\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center is-style-default has-white-color has-text-color has-large-font-size\"><a href=\"\/sign-up\/\">Sign up<\/a> to keep up to date with ReThink Q.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/section>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>In 2014, India mandated corporate social responsibility spending for all large companies. Now CSR funding tops $2 billion annually, with half of those funds dedicated to pandemic relief in 2020.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":557,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":true,"footnotes":""},"categories":[115],"tags":[49,72,68,73],"coauthors":[17],"class_list":["post-556","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-thought-leadership","tag-charitable-giving","tag-corporate-social-responsibility","tag-covid-19","tag-india","issue-issue-2-experimentation"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v26.5 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/wordpress\/plugins\/seo\/ -->\n<title>Bringing humanity to the boardroom - ADP ReThink Q<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"In 2014, India mandated corporate social responsibility spending for all large companies. 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